Sexuality

Sexuality Quiz

Article #1, "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage"

The methods that was used in this article was General Social Surveys, with two other surveys, but those two didn't go as into depth pertaining to religious affiliation and demographics, so the authors focused on the data that ranged from 2006-2008.

The findings pertaining to race were interesting pertaining to how many people were against same sex marriage in 2006, white people opposed gay marriage by 50%, other races increased to 45.2%, and blacks went down to 64% (87). In 2008, the percentages of blacks opposing gay marriage went down to 58%, while the whites went down to 45.7%, and other races went down to 42.6% (87).

When it came down to gender, women were more supportive of same-sex marriage compared to men (89).

Rural residents were more supportive of gay marriage than southern residents (89).

People who have never been married or divorced individuals were also more likely to support gay marriage (89).

Education also had a toll on whether or not you supported gay marriage. The higher the education you had, the more likely you were to support gay marriage (89).

Religion also had a dramatic toll on whether or not you supported gay marriage. If you identified as a conservative protestant or catholic then you were less likely to support same-sex marriage. If you were nonaffiliated, or had no religious affiliation, then you were more likely to support gay marriage (89).

Article #2, "Talking about Sex: Religion and Patterns of Parent-Child Communication about Sex and Contraception"

The methods from this article were the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the National Study of Youth and Religion.

When it came to the findings of how parents communicate about sex based off of their religious attendance was fascinating. 22% of parents who attend church once a week never talk about contraception with their children (89). 47% of frequent church goers reported having a long discussion about sexual morality with their children (89). Members of the Black Protestant Church had the greatest amount of communication and comfort when talking about sexual topics to their children (89). Roman Catholics, Jews, Mormons, and people who were unaffiliated had lower levels of communication with their children about sex (89). Mormons put up a wall and tend to avoid the talk about the infamous "birds and bees" (89). Mainline Protestants had the lowest percentage rate of constant conversations about sex with their children, and also had the lowest rate of feeling at ease when discussing sex (89). A few other religions on the NSYR survey, except none for the Mormons, never talked to their child or children about sex (89). Even if you didn't identify with a certain religion, they were not likely to have the talk about sex with their children (89). Black Protestants had no issue in discussing birth control compared to Roman Catholics and Mainline Protestants (92).

Racial backgrounds took an interesting toll about the infamous talk. In this article, African-American parents were three times more likely to talk to their children about sex than Asian- American parents (92). Asian American, Whites, and Hispanics were less likely to talk about the morals of sex to their children than African- American parents (92).

The most interesting thing I found during this article was that parents of young girls were more likely to have the sex talk than parents who had little boys (92). I found that interesting because sex is characterized as to be more important for men because we don't shy away from discussing sex, as normally do women.

Richard James 598 words

sexuality

Tim kubal

Articles underlined and in Bold are required.  Each quiz you complete must include summary of the findings and methods of two articles listed in the reading list for the topic covered in the quiz.  One of the two articles must be a required article within the section covered by the quiz.  Again, the required articles are in bold and underlined.  if you do not include a required article you will fail the quiz.  If there are two articles listed as required, you may choose either or both of them (only one required article must be included in each quiz).  Note that there are two quizzes on crime, because there is such a large reading list on the topic.  You are allowed to only complete one of these two crime quizzes as a required quiz for course credit.  There is no restriction on which crime articles can be used for which crime quiz.

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**********

Timothy J. Kubal, PhD

Social Movements Section Editor, Sociology Compass

Executive Council Member and Chair, Social Science Research and Instructional Council

Director, Social Research Institute

Associate Professor of Sociology

California State University

Fresno, CA 93740

tkubal@csufresno.edu

Celitha Edwards Quiz#2 Sociology 111

The reading I chose to explore was "Sisterhood and Sexuality: Attitudes About Homosexuality Among Members of Historically Black Sororities". The method used for this study was in depth interviewing.  Based on the article I can conclude that homosexuality is still not an accepted lifestyle for members of Black Greek organizations. When it comes to the issue of homosexuality there is a large intersectionality between race, sex and age. ( Literte, P. E., & Hodge, C. (2012) The association between race and sexual preference is that in black communities it is not as easily accepted as in white communities.( Literte, P. E., & Hodge, C. (2012)

Also there was a comparison made between black sororities and fraternities. The rudimentary way of handling prospective members is by gauging their sexuality on a scale of femininity and masculinity. Sororities and fraternities do not explicitly ask and remember about their sexuality (Literte, P. E., & Hodge, C. (2012) however, in Black Greek Letter Organizations members are expected to maintain a heteronormative presentation at all times. ( Literte, P. E., & Hodge, C. (2012).  Any behavior that is contrary to the norm is shunned.

Black Greek organizations have close roots in Christianity. The Black Greek Organizations draw much of their structure from black churches. The influence of the black church teaches that homosexuality is a sin. Literte, P. E., & Hodge, C. (2012). The claim is made also, that homosexuality in the black community is a European taught behavior. The church also affirms that homosexuality is destroying the black family, since same sex couples cannot procreate. ( Literte, P. E., & Hodge, C. (2012).) As BGLO's advance in their social movements they still shy away from tackling the issue of gay rights just as the church has also done.

 

The required reading was "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage".  This article is based off of data collected through General Social Survey. This article details the findings from the research. Based on the data collected the researchers were able to conclude that the opinion on same sex marriage is heavily influenced by several factors such as religion, race, sex, demographics, education and political views; religion being the most influential. (Sherkat, D. (2010).African Americans tend to be more conservative in their religious practices and beliefs.( Sherkat, D. (2010).

Religion has the greatest pull on the opinion of same sex marriage. Even African Americans that were political liberals still held tight to their convictions on same sex marriage, lending no overwhelming support for gay marriage. The researchers attempted to find a positive association between political views and the respondents opinion on gay marriage. No such correlation was found. Despite their political views both parties remain firm in their opinion on gay marriage.

The factor of sex appears to cause aswing in the pendulum. Overall women appear to be more supportive of same sex marriage. ( Sherkat, D. (2010). Also single people show more support for gay marriage.Respondents that reign from the south seem to have the greatest concentration of opposition to same sex marriage.This can be tethered to the high prevalence of conservative churches in the south; bible belt.

A surprising find was that education is also a very present factor. Those respondents with a reported higher level of education are among the supporters of same sex marriage. ( Sherkat, D. (2010).

 

 

*WORD COUNT: 472 (excluding TITLE & Citations)

*I had a major issue with improper citations in Quiz1. As an extra precaution I included a few in text citations. Though the words are my own, I still felt that I should include a citation just to be on the safe side.

 

 

 

Sexuality quiz

 

 

 

     In the article titled "Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women's sexual scripts" discusses women and societies stereotypes, going back as far as slavery days.  Scientists posted findings stating African American women are primitive, wild, sexually uninhibited and exotic.  This enforced the New worlds cultural norm belief system.  From this, four images emerged referencing African American women: The Jezebel, mammy, matriarch, and welfare mother became the foundation outlining African American communities and American society.  The Jezebels a young, promiscuous, exotic, oversexed woman.  This justified the raping by masters fulfilling their sexual needs and economic needs.  The mammy was an asexual overweight female slave or domestic servant.  She nurtured white families and put her masters family's need first.  However, her transition from an unpaid slave into domestic work did not exclude her from rape.  Another image included welfare mothers. Welfare mothers bred children uncontrollably and these kids became a burden to societies economy.  Yet another image, The Matriarch, conveys African American Woman who are contemptuous, controlling, emasculating, and only needed men for childbearing.  This justified the racial oppression, gender subordination, economic exploitation, and differentiates African American Women's roles, creating conflicting relationship foundations between African American males and women.  The three-dimensional scripts have been embraced by African American youth culture, reflecting within our everyday written or unspoken communication.  These four images reflect conflicting relationship within the eight scripts words used today: The Diva, Gold digger, Freak, Dyke, Gangster bitch, Sister savior, Earth mother, Baby mama. Societies acceptance allows media such as T.V, radio, and verbalize conversations which keep alive stereotypes and conflicting relationships.  These predominant symbolic control (of white mainstream) about African American communities transfer down into African American youth developing culture known as Hip Hop.  This reflects African American youth's anger and fears about their present lives.  The research method used general social surveys and researched culture and music using qualitative content analysis. 

     In another article titled "Race religion and opposition to same sex marriage" talks about same-sex marriage acceptance differences.  This study showed African American women were more opposed to same sex marriage than other cultures because they have more ties to the sectarian protestant religion and church attendance.  The study used quantitative methods.  The study looked at all the factors effecting same-sex marriage opposition.  The religions under study became the conservative, catholic, liberal or conservative, and church attendance.  Findings were these factors mattered but not enough in which it changed results. In 1988, study showed percentages opposing or strongly opposed same-sex marriage by racial groups.  The general social surveys showed blacks, whites, and others all believed the same about same sex marriage.  However, by 2004 showed big changes, declines opposing same sex marriage from 30% yes to 50% yes accounting whites and others.  However, blacks opinions stayed the same at 68.5%.  Why did blacks remain opposing same sex marriage?  The author used the regression analysis, using all the possible factors of influence and variables which support same-sex marriage.  The factors looked at gender, race, the year born, Marital status, geographic context (rural or suburban), lived in the north or the South states, number of children, education, income, and religion, which was the most important.  The reasoning showed African American women's high rate of participation involving decades in conservative religious denominations.  This proved religion played a role involving same-sex marriage opposition.  Another correlation showed African Americans voted for proposition 8 in 2008, because Barack Obama was running for president so African Americans flooded the voting polls tilting the scales against proposition 8. 

Yvonne Damian 562

Sexuality Quiz Resubmission

Valerie 404

I chose the articles  " Attitudes and beliefs about homosexuality and same-sex marriage among a sample of South African students" and " Children having children: race innocence and sexuality education, " these articles both drew my attention, because one dealt with how  homosexuality was dealt with in another country while the other dealt with young adult girls or teenagers were having children due to the lack of knowledge on sex. The methods used for homosexuality article were using more than 100 undergraduate college students to answer a survey of eighteen questions to see how they felt about homosexuals and same sex marriage. The survey had statements to agree or disagree with, that also was worded in a strong emotion provoking way. The survey hit subjects that included the government's "thoughts" and how moral it was to be in a same sex marriage. What I predicted for the outcome of the survey's word choice seemed to be the result, many believed that it was wrong to allow for homosexuals to socially acceptable and have the same things such as a family or get married as heterosexuals do. I believe that the way that the questions were formed brought out the more religious and conservative nature of people due to the way that the statements in the survey were made.

The second article involved a more indepth study of how much sexual education their children should receive during school. This study took more than a year to complete with the interviews that were conducted with seventeen different people in variety of positions ranging from administrators to teachers to parents who participated in the debate for how the schools should educate their children on sex. The study took such a long time, because some of the interviews took half an hour while others were three hours. Most of the questions circulated over the 1990 debate of how much and what the content of the sexual education the children will receive in the future. The notes taken from this were mostly verbatim, so that the study would be  more credible. It was found that African American teenage girls were more likely to become pregnant due to the lack of education and how segregated the areas were. The places where the girls grew up were more impoverished areas where teen pregnancies were common. This study was conducted through an interviewing process and the data collected was from a recorder and verbatim notes.

sexuality lectures: audio files

Crystal Contreras

We are going to examine two articles that pertain to sexuality. The first article, "Race, Religion and Opposition to Same-sex Marriage," by Darren E. Sherkat goes in depth on examining the opposition gap for same-sex marriages between Whites and African Americans. On the other hand, "Children having Children," by Jessica Fields examines the sexuality education relationship amongst Whites and African Americans. We are going to examine the methods and findings of each article furthermore.

We are going to take a look at the methods and findings of the first article mentioned above. In this article, the data being analyzed was taken from the 1988, and 2004-2008 General Social Survey (GSS), which were the years that the GSS asked questions pertaining to same-sex marriage (Sherkat). This method of collecting data is reliable because this is the only survey that asks questions pertaining to same-sex marriages that is nationally representative (Sherkat). Independent factors such as religion and political beliefs were analyzed as the which would affect the dependent carriable, which is opposing same-sex marriages. The results of this research indicate that African Americans oppose same-sex marriages more than Whites because of their religious beliefs (Sherkat). This is so because both White Americans and African Americans belong to different religions that preach different things. African Americans affiliate with Baptist of other Sectarian groups oppose to White Americans who mainly are conservative Protestants. The racial Gap between Whites and African Americans is a product of shifting opinion (Sherkat). This is so because African Americans with a strong conservative Christian background are attending church more often therefore, are prone to oppose same-sex marriages in comparison to Whites. The findings of the article also indicate that Whites do also oppose same-sex marriages but not as much as African Americans who attend church.

Now we are going to examine "Children having Children". The methods that Fields used to collect her data was by participant observation. Fields attended school board meetings from July 1996 to September 1997. She also held qualitative interviews that lasted anywhere from 30 minutes to 3 hours and they were conducted in a variety of places (Fields). This study conducted showed that African Americans are more concerned about the content being taught to their children through sexual education in school oppose to White Americans (Fields). There is a debate on the two approaches towards teaching children abstinence through sexual education. Abstinence only sexual education promotes abstinence only. In other words, school programs are teaching children to not have sex but are also not teaching them the proper way to practice safe sex. On the other hand, abstinence-plus does teach children how to practice safe sex and the consequences of unprotected sex. This was an approach to help at risk teens and it gives them a chance to thrive (Fields). These children are considered at risk because of the inequalities that they face and are considered to have a higher chance of having sex (Fields). Just that the findings concluded that African Americans practice safe sex when it comes down to the act of it. Oppose to Whites where they are taught to not have sex at all instead of being educated on how to practice safe sex.

In conclusion both articles examine sexuality and the behaviors are compared between Whites and African Americans. The first article told us that Africans who attend church are more opposing to same-sex marriages than Whites. The second article told us that African American children practice safe sex because they are taught about the consequences of unprotected sex opposed to Whites. Both articles looked at the gap between both racial groups.

Sexuality quiz answer

Valerie 404

I chose the articles  " Attitudes and beliefs about homosexuality and same-sex marriage among a sample of South African students" and " Children having children: race innocence and sexuality education, " these articles both drew my attention, because one dealt with how  homosexuality was dealt with in another country while the other dealt with young adult girls or teenagers were having children due to the lack of knowledge on sex. The methods used for homosexuality article were using more than 100 undergraduate college students to answer a survey of eighteen questions to see how they felt about homosexuals and same sex marriage. The survey had statements to agree or disagree with, that also was worded in a strong emotion provoking way. The survey hit subjects that included the government's "thoughts" and how moral it was to be in a same sex marriage. What I predicted for the outcome of the survey's word choice seemed to be the result, many believed that it was wrong to allow for homosexuals to socially acceptable and have the same things such as a family or get married as heterosexuals do. I believe that the way that the questions were formed brought out the more religious and conservative nature of people due to the way that the statements in the survey were made.

The second article involved a more indepth study of how much sexual education their children should receive during school. This study took more than a year to complete with the interviews that were conducted with seventeen different people in variety of positions ranging from administrators to teachers to parents who participated in the debate for how the schools should educate their children on sex. The study took such a long time, because some of the interviews took half an hour while others were three hours. Most of the questions circulated over the 1990 debate of how much and what the content of the sexual education the children will receive in the future. The notes taken from this were mostly verbatim, so that the study would be  more credible. It was found that African American teenage girls were more likely to become pregnant due to the lack of education and how segregated the areas were. The places where the girls grew up were more impoverished areas where teen pregnancies were common. This study was conducted through an interviewing process and the data collected was from a recorder and verbatim notes.

Jose Villasenor

Jose Villasenor, 332 Words

For the sexuality section of the assigned readings I chose the article "Framing Strategies and Public Support for the Legalization of Marriage Between Two People of the Same Sex". This article is a study performed by Oren Pizmony-Levy and Aaron Ponce of the Indiana University. The study hoped to find whether the use of framing strategies by Social Movement Organizations (SMO) had any effect on public opinion over the legalization of same sex marriage. The researchers used data that was gathered in 2009 from a survey conducted by the Center for Survey Research at Indiana University. In order to see whether the use of framing strategies actually had an effect on public opinion, the researchers placed questions about the legalization of Marriage between people of the same sex but controlled the wording used.  The researchers used various words that Social Movement Organizations had previously used in order to frame same sex marriage as either positive or negative.  Once the data was collected, the researchers used Ordinary Least Squares regression modeling to examine it. The researchers found that the use of framing strategies by SMO's does not affect the public opinion on the legalization of same sex marriage but various sociodemographic variables do.

The "Race, Religion, and opposition to Same-Sex Marriage" article attempts to find whether religious factors are at the root of the opposition of same-sex marriage from black and white people. The researchers used data gathered from surveys from 1988 and 2004-2008. The findings demonstrated that in 1988 the support for same-sex marriage was similar between race groups. From 2004-2008 this changed and African Americans opposition increased while White opposition decreased. The researchers concluded that African Americans oppose same-sex marriage at a higher rate than other races and this is due to their religious commitment. African American people attend church at a higher rate than Whites. It is their religious values and beliefs that causes them to oppose same sex marriage because these beliefs are not accepting of same sex marriage.

 

Alline Wright

 482 words

In the first article, "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage," researchers studied to find an accurate explanation as to why African Americans are in more opposition to same-sex marriage than whites and other ethnicities. The General Social Surveys of 1998 and 2004-2008 were analyzed because they were shown to have the best results for a good length of time. Questions were asked about same-sex marriage support, religious factors, political beliefs, cohorts and sociodemographic variables to find the highest correlation to opposition of same-sex marriage. Although Whites and other ethnicities have had a gradual decline of opposition over the last 20 years, African Americans have had no substantial changes. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to compare demographic factors to religious commitments to try and see what contributes more to the racial gap. The most crucial factors that were found in this study that fill this gap are religious affiliation and religious participation.  Sectarian Protestant Christianity is the most dominant religion and part of African American culture and are very unlikely to liberalize their attitudes towards homosexual marriage. Factors like education level, income, residence location, gender and political values had no significant impact on African Americans' views of LGBT marital rights. With Whites, there is a positive correlation between educational attainment and homosexual marriage acceptance, but it does not liberalize Blacks in the same way. Views toward civil rights of free speech and employment were surveyed and African Americans were found to be just as accepting as Whites to extend these rights to homosexuals, but marital rights are when there is a strong decline in African American support. There is also a hostility present in the African American culture towards homosexuality because of a perceived White phenomenon and thereby goes against the Black identity.

            The second article, "Racial Differences in Age at First Sexual Intercourse: Residential Racial Segregation and the Black-White Disparity Among U.S. Adolescents," analyzed five dimensions of Black and White residential racial segregation to conclude what better defines the age disparity between Black and White first encounter of sexual intercourse between 12 and 20 years; Isolation, concentration, clustering, unevenness and centralization. All five were operationalized by using their various indexes that were all set to the same scale for easy comparison of how segregated Blacks and Whites were. All person-level data from 1997-2005 were used was from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and crucial factors were shown to be regarding age at baseline, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure and whether they lived in a metropolitan area (MA). The U.S. Census 2000 data was used and the study was limited to only using data from MA's that had an African American population of more than 50% and unstable estimates were excluded. Black respondents were more likely than whites to have a low socioeconomic status and live in a single-parent home at baseline and the highly segregated MA's included had over 50 being highly concentrated and highly centralized. This means the disadvantages that African Americans face socially, economically and politically are concentrated to a higher extent and is characterized to urban areas of poverty and crowding. The most and least segregated MA's are more likely to have African Americans whom are sexually active at younger ages in adolescence than Whites. When neighborhoods are moderately integrated, the differences between sexuality in Blacks versus Whites nearly vanishes. This article analyzed how the level of residential segregation majorly impacted the racial disparity between the races' sexualities.

Alma Garcia

In the article Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-sex Marriage there are two methods that are used to find out whether the racial difference to the same sex marriage is due to religious beliefs. The two methods used are ordinal logistic regression and the stacked structural equal models. There were two General Social Surveys (GSS) taken in 1988 an in 2004-2008. Using those numbers from those two surveys may explain if there is black-white religious beliefs due to same-sex marriage. Several churches mentioned in the article like the Southern Baptist Convention, the Church of God in Christ, and the Assembly of God belief that it is morally wrong to marry someone with the same-sex. Some findings have found that Conservative Protestant have higher rates of religious participation which also oppose to homosexuality. Research has found that that more active goers are the ones that have conservative views. Therefore, African Americans are noted to be very involved in religious organizations. Even though this is the case there have been other studies where it shows that African Americans are more supportive of civil rights unlike whites do. Whites have a 32% of being catholic with accepting homosexuality. Unlike African Americans where they are more likely to be Christian rather than catholic. African Americans have shown that they aren't very accepting towards homosexuals by the music they play, the movies that are shown, or even celebrities making statements about not liking them. Some variables that are also included in the findings are that the questions asked. For example, it included the persons relationship status, if they had kids, and how much education did the receive. The findings showed that whites declined their number from 1988 to 2004. Meanwhile, African Americans mainly stayed the same with 64% opposing same-sex marriage. Therefore, African Americans are opposed to same-sex marriage because of the religious views they carry compared to whites.

            In the article, Race Differences in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women: The Role of Neighborhood Characteristics, explains how there being segregation in neighborhoods risk the young adolescent women to be sexually active. Karin L. Brewster used two different methods to gather data. Those two methods are individual and aggregate level data. Black teenagers are most likely to participate in being sexually active than white adolescent females. Black teenagers have a higher rate of having negative outcomes. Studies show that in Chicago, black teens living in a poverty neighborhood limits their resources to contraceptives, which risks teenagers to get pregnant. Black teens and white teens living in a large city with harsh poverty neighborhoods are more likely to drop out of school and get pregnant than others living in a stable economic neighborhood. Young teenagers' expectations can be influenced in low wage jobs that their parents make. It gives them little motivation to achieve higher goals. A factor that can play in young teenagers being sexually active is if they live with both of their parents. The analytic strategy used is seeing how the life of blacks and white's history fall into teenagers being sexually active. Women's attitudes to abortion and what women should be doing falls into having a family. Teenagers appear to be having intercourse when they live in a low poverty neighborhood rather than teens who don't. Not everything falls into where these teenagers live, but that is one of the main aspects. If housing doesn't change then the numbers of teenagers being sexually active.

Alina Moua, Soc 111 MWF @10am, Sexuality, 499 Words

In the article, Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage, methods that influences same-sex marriages varied from education background, religious, social status, political beliefs, and child-rearing responsibilities. Within this article, there are three main groups analyzed; the whites, African Americans, and "other" races. Among whites, they tend to have a higher education background. 32 percent of whites are also affiliated with being a Catholic. Considering another ethnic group, African Americans generally have a lower education background. For this reason, it becomes a strong predictor for GLBT rights. African American are also involved in religious organizations. With further research, due to the past of slavery and segregation, African Americans are less likely to be Catholic or attend liberal protestant churches. In this case, the support for same-sex marriages varied by race.

As a result, there is no difference among racial groups who oppose to same sex marriages. In this study, opposition has decreased throughout the time frame of 1988 to 2008. On page 8 if we examine the given graph, we are able to see the number of whites, blacks, and other races who are against same sex marriages gradually decrease. As shown, in 1988, 68.3 percent of whites opposed to same sex marriages and slowly decline by 14.5 percent by 2004. In a similar scenario, 68.5 percent of blacks opposed to same sex marriage in 1988 and lessens by 1.2 percent by 2004. Religious factor play more of a role for the ethnic groups choices, but that does not completely change the support for same sex marriages. Considering education being an influence, whites being the more dominant in the educational field, it creates positive effects for same sex marriages. In fact, even though African Americans are less educated, the outcome for supporting same sex marriages has no significant difference compared to the whites. Ultimately, the correlation between race and opposing same sex marriages has decreased within different racial groups throughout the years.

In the article, Children Having Children: Race Innocence and Sexuality Education, the author Jessica, targets a specific group in North Carolina, African American girls and women. The southerners population is mainly African Americans youths who are at risk. To further her research, Jessica attended school board meetings for 14 months. She tape recorded her interviews with administrators, educators, and activists with open ended questions that lasted from thirty minutes to three hours. From her research, Jessica found that African Americans are at risk due to low income, poverty, and racialized social problems. North Carolina abortion laws are more restrictive that they deny funds for abortion unless it involves rape or when the woman's life is in danger.

As a result, the social conditions of the youth's lives make a difference. The need for educating abstinence-plus struggles to include all children. Kids who have kids rely on welfare dependency because policy makers in Southern County fail to anticipate healthy lives for African American girls and women. Therefore, African American girls and women raise their kids in a racist society. With this intention, these girls and women are limited to resources.

Sara Greenlee

I two articles I chose to examine for our Sexuality Quiz were, "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same Sex Marriage" and "Is Love (Color) Blind? The Economy of Race among Gay and Straight Daters." In, "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same Sex Marriage," authors Darren E. Sherkat, Kylan Mattias de Vries, and Stacia Creek, examined what influences people's, blacks and whites specifically, opinions of same sex marriage. Their methods consisted of examining General Social Surveys. Upon examining the General Social Surveys, Sherkat, Mattias de Vries, and Creek's found that, because of education, whites are more tolerant of same sex marriage than blacks. Other factors of blacks and whites opinions of same sex marriage included income, race, religion, and sex. Whites statistically make more money than blacks, and have higher educations, thus whites have higher tolerance for same marriage. Whereas, blacks are more religious, specifically black women. Religiously, homosexuality is big no, so this makes sense why religious black women are against same marriage. In other words, race and religion, do play a factor in being in favor of same sex marriage, or opposing same sex marriage. As for article number two, "Is Love (Color) Blind? The Economy of Race among Gay and Straight Daters," authors Jennifer H. Lundquist and Ken-Hou Lin, evaluate whether or not interracial couples are more prominent with heterosexual couples, or homosexual couples. To determine this finding, their methods consisted of evaluating online dating, specifically between white gay and straight online daters. The article results showed that people look for the certain genders that attracts them, but regardless of their sexual preference, to these examined online daters, it didn't matter what race they were communicating with, these online daters didn't have a problem with being interracial couples. As to the why of these results, this does make sense; online dating is known for being a guide for easy, quick, hookups. To ensure quick hookups however, that means that people can't be too picky about the girl or guy that they swipe right on, meaning picky of the race of their potential partner. Based on these findings, it is safe to say that love is not color blind, whether you are gay or straight.

 

Gabriel Nabarrete

Sexuality

Methods

"It Goes Hand and Hand with Parties," was data received from interviews of 87 undergraduate men and women enrolled at the University of Illinois at Chicago from August 2010-May 2012. 74 interviews were conducted on male and female students that associated themselves as being heterosexual and to add a twist 13 interviews were conducted on students that identified themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or queer. 61 percent of the participants are nonwhite having more female than male respondents. 80 percent of the participants are between the age of 18-23 years of age and 50 percent of participants are single and the other 50 percent are in relationships. 70 percent live off campus, 22 percent live on campus and 11 percent live in walking distance to campus. 45 percent of the participants are from working class families.

 

Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage analysis from GSS (General Social Survey) from 1988, and 2004-2008. With this data, the analysis of age cohorts ranging from 1940-1965 and later. Gender binary was also used to compare women and men responses. Races in this data where from Whites, African Americans, and others. African Americans showing a huge divide versus the attitude of whites as time has shown a significant decreased in objectivity and the African Americans has not shown significant changes. The data showed stronger religious ties with the African American Baptist denomination. Political views and education attainment were also used in the survey.

Findings

 

"It Goes Hand and Hand with Parties,"

Findings from this article came with the term "hooking up." This article focused on the level of sexual activity happening within our college campuses, so we as sociologist want to know what are the factors in this behavior. Results have found that this is a life for privileged individuals that have the financial backing to live on campus. Research showed that white students, male or female fit this category more than any other racial group. Is this true? The counterpart would be that of Hispanics, which come from working class households, and more times than not take on part-time jobs to finance their education. College life at home comes with accountability from parents versus the life of living on campus away from home. Based off this information, research makes a lot of sense. Along with sharing dorms with that of the opposite sex allowing more frequent encounters and opportunities for the life style of hooking up. How does religion play a part in this study? Students that live on or off campus having strong religious backing choose not to engage in this life style.  

Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage

Seeking out the contributing factors for the gap in attitudes between that of Whites and African Americans. Political views and education in the survey showed results for the African Americans having no significant differences versus that of the White American showing a result of significant changing of attitude. Are African Americans being taught something different in college? The research did not cover this question, but the results from African Americans that did attend college showed no change in attitude and this may be due to their strong ties with continued religion affiliation. What is creating a big drift in church affiliation amongst the White and other Americans? In the pre-industrial era, we had more traditions within families versus that of post-industrial era. Other contributing factors may be the financial burden many Americans are having today. Families have both parents working and sometimes they work two jobs to make ends meet leaving little leisure time for church affiliation.

Priscilla Gabriel

After reading the articles, "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage", and "Framing Strategies and Public Support for the Legalization of Marriage Between Two People of the Same-Sex", I found many interesting things that were related in both the articles. In the first article, they looked at the differences in race when it came to what they thought about same-sex marriage. The study showed that African-Americans are less supportive to same-sex marriage compared to those that are white. The article also showed that religion had a lot to do with the reasoning of people who either supported or were against same-sex marriage. Many of the African-Americans who were against same-sex marriage came from a church that was racially segregated. Something that this article also mentioned was that younger generations were more acceptable to same-sex marriage than the older generation. They believed that the younger generation is more open to the idea open about sexuality and also can tolerate same-sex couples. Another thing that the article "Race, Religion.." mentioned was that when they asked people who were married and people who were single if they supported same-sex marriage, married people were the ones who opposed the idea more. One last thing that this article included was that education also had an impact on what people thought about same-sex marriage. People who were educated and going to school were more against same-sex marriage than those who didn't have much of an education. In the second article, "Framing Strategies and Public Support…), there were many similar ideas stated that were mentioned in the first article as well. This article also talked about the different terms used to describe these couples. Some people who supported the same-sex couples viewed the term "homosexual couples" as being a negative term. However, they believed that the terms "gay couples" or "same-sex couples" was more positive. One thing that both these articles had said was the women were more like to agree with same-sex marriage rather than men. This article mentioned that when giving a survey to individuals asking whether they agreed with same-sex marriage, they used different terms. For example, for one survey they would use the term "same-sex couples" and in another survey, they would use "homosexual couples". They did this to see if the different terms being used would affect the outcome of their answers. The results showed that these terms didn't change or impact what their answer would be.

Marlene Alcantar Sexuality

Marlene Alcantar, 590 words

From the "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage" article, the methods in which they used the data from are from the General Social Surveys, regression models, and equation models with key factors. From these surveys and models it showed that whites are more likely to agree with same-sex marriages and that African Americans are more likely to oppose on same-sex marriages. Some reasons as to why that is, is due to the independent variables such as, race, religion, political views, gender, residence, age,  income, and church attendance. The result of those variables, which are the dependent variables, are opposition to same-sex marriage or for same-sex marriage. Some important factors that weren't covered as independent variables are family relations with homosexuals, occupation, prejudice against gays or lesbians, and whether they themselves are gay or lesbian. The results from this was that religion and race are the big factors in which why African Americans don't support same-sex marriages as much as whites do. It showed that African American females have a high attendance rate in protestant Baptists churches, which are conservative churches. This high attendance rate overcame their political beliefs of either democrat or liberal.  Many whites go to liberal churches were there is support for same-sex marriages while African Americans go to conservative churches where there is no support at all for same-sex marriages. For African Americans, religion overcame politics and for whites, politics overcame religion. According to the regression analysis, income and education had no effect on African Americans, but had a big effect on whites. The only reasonable explanation as to why African Americans stay the same was simply due to gender and church attendance.                                                                    

In the article, "Teacher Perspectives on Abstinence and Safe Sex Education in South Africa", the methods that they used were structured interviews with open-ended questions. They interviewed 25 teachers who teach grade 10 and 11 life orientation curriculum. They had an interview guide containing broad open-ending questions for teachers to speak freely about what, how, and why they taught sex education. The questions that they used included whether teachers supported sex education in schools, whether they should teach abstinence only, comprehensive sex education or both, and what teachers included in their lessons. The interviews were in English, however English was most of the teachers' second language so they would switch to Sesotho or Afrikaans. The interviews were coded and analyzed using the qualitative software program NVivo 9. Data was analyzed using an open-coding methodology. The independent variables that they used were race, age, gender, and learner population. The dependent variables were teaching abstinence only or safe sex practices or teach both. As a result from the research, the findings were that all of the 25 supported for abstinence, however 24 of them recognized that some learners were already sexually active. There were 2 different viewpoints. One was teachers who supported teaching abstinence alongside safe sex practices and letting the learners choose freely. The other is teachers who refused to discuss with learners about any sexual practice except abstinence. In the end, most of these teachers fell somewhere in the middle of these two viewpoints. The teachers who would teach both said they would promote both AO (abstinence only) and CSE (comprehensive sex education) without isolating young people through their morals. As for the teachers with the opposition views, they would emphasize on abstinence only curriculum with a core understanding that sex and HIV education leads to an increase in sexual behavior. The main argument here is that both AO and CSE curriculums are based on the ability of right knowledge to wanted results.

Sergio Cortez

Sergio Cortez, 500
Articles: "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage" &
"Multiracial Church Attendance and Support for Same-Sex Romantic and Family Relationships"

After having read both articles I have come to be more aware that the main reason we the people do not really see much of a support for same-sex marriage, or even gay/lesbians coming from the African American community is due to the fact that we see just how much more African Americans attend church which is the main cause for the problem we see present in society. There has been many studies that are able to show just how much both the African American, as well as the white racial groups, attend church, and we see a 2:3 ratio for African Americans being involved while for whites it is only a 1:3 ratio. Which is honestly quite interesting, and shocking to see. The thoughts, and attitudes that African American individuals have acquired from attending church has obviously caused them to create their own beliefs towards these topics. We are able to see that these individuals basically continue to attend church from a young age, and into adulthood which is why they are more then likely to follow the beliefs of whatever church they may attend, and that is what is reason behind the issue with African Americans not accepting such behavior in society. The way they look at these topics have nothing to do with wealth, or the amount of education one may accomplish in life. It all happens inside of churches. The main reason why they may feel the way they do about same sex marriage is because of the way that churches discuss families. The reason this is important is due to the fact that they portray a family as traditionally having a husband, wife, and children so it is quite horrendous to these people when they hear of men marrying men, or women marrying other women and they begin their own families from then on. This could explain why they are quite uneasy around discussions or even individuals that have to do with same sex marriage, gays, and lesbians. This clash between liberals, and conservatives and the way they see certain issues is quite a big thing actually. It is the same reason people are the way they are. They have either been brought up to stick with what have been knowing all their lives or they are flexible enough to accept these issues as fine. Racial segregation is also a really big thing mentioned in the articles. We have those who are not okay at all with both having, and seeing interracial relationships due to the beliefs they have still attached to them. It just has to do with the church these people may attend. If there is a church which has a lot more people of opposite races them we can clearly see that there will be more flexible minded people who believe that it is quite okay to see that, and have it happening. However, when we see only a single race attending then that is a completely different story.

Miguel penate sociology sexuality

"Miguel Penate" 599 words

For my sexuality quiz I chose Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same‐Sex Marriage as the first topic and Racial Differences in Age at First Sexual Intercourse: Residential Racial Segregation and the Black-White Disparity among U.S. Adolescents as the second topic. The first topic compares statistics between white and black people on how they view same-sex marriage and what caused those views to be so different.  For their data research they used general surveys to compare statistics on (GSS) for results on questions regarding same-sex marriage. For their survey they looked into factors such as the support the subjects felt for same-sex marriage with answers like agree or disagree. The next factor was religion and how frequently they attended services whether it be Baptist, Christian, catholic, or in between. The third factor was political beliefs and the question was whether the subjects thought of themselves as liberals or conservatives, unfortunately this was unreliable due to limited number of African American republican subjects. The fourth factor was age variation which they assessed by comparing subjects that were born before 1940 and born in 1965 or after. The last factor used was sociodemographic variables which were conducted by the subject being male or female, how high their education level is, ethnicity, and whether they lived in rural areas or lived in the south at 16 and if so do they still reside there. The results of these findings were that in 1988 the statistics showed that there was hardly any difference among the races opinion on same-sex marriage, but as timed progressed they started to see change in race opinion as whites being less opposing to the idea of same-sex marriage while blacks stayed the same on opposition towards the idea. Why? Statistics showed that black women held a strong view based on their religion and were not willing to accept this idea. While white subjects were shown to be less in church and more easily to accept the idea of same sex marriage.

 The second topic was focused on comparing the age of whites and blacks when they were most likely to become sexually active based on age and other variables.  This particular study was conducted by using general surveys to compare research to previous studies. The data consist of various variables the first being age at baseline and the question was based on the age the subject first began to be sexually active from twelve to twenty-one. The second was primary person-level exposure. This was the comparison on race and ethnicity in the study as black and white. The third was person-level covariates which included the individuals, their family, and geographic attributes. The fourth was racial segregation and if the subjects were heavily segregated or not segregated at all. The last variable was the statistical analysis which consisted of the missing data. This had to do with single-parent household, maternal education, and gross house-hold income. The results were that blacks were at a more socioeconomic disadvantage, and usually had only one biological parent present in their household unlike the white subjects at baseline.  The other grate find was subjects with higher segregation rates were more likely to have sexual intercourse in adolescence mostly black subjects.  After examining both topics I've come to relies both studies had good observations but could have included much more factors to have better results. For instance topic one could have mentioned if any of the subjects had known any same-sex individuals. For topic two study could have included were adolescence unsupervised most of the time when they were home. Overall both topics were good surveys.

Carmen Esq.

Race, Religion and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage

The data within this research was done to determine who among the blacks and whites are actually against same-sex marriage.  In doing so, surveys were given to different sample groups within the black and white communities in various situations such as: religious beliefs, certain age group, political views, married versus not married and financial status, and a number of other variables.  All of which can change over time to be pro same-sex marriage that is except religious people.  The research determined that predominantly blacks attend church religiously therefore; they are strong in their beliefs against same-sex marriage.  However, those that do not identify with a religion are more likely to be in support of same-sex marriage.  It is odd that among those test that regardless of a black person identifying as a being liberal their opinions did not cause a huge decline within the data rates.  They are still against same-sex marriage.  As for the whites, if they are conservative and identify with a religion their views did not change either.    

To Live Freely in This World: Sex Worker Activism in Africa

It seems blacks are strong with their beliefs and standards within their community because the same goes on in Africa, but with a different issue.  Prostitutes in Africa whether it is a woman or a cisgender they want to be open about what they do.  Unfortunately, the black women affiliated with positive organizations do not support other black women that choose to have sex for money.  Methods are taken to hold those people in contempt and shut down anyone that is connected with sex workers or in support of it.  The black women in Africa hold other African women to high standards, so having legal prostitution puts a dark cloud around Africa's values and principles.  Having such a touchy topic forces the African people to deal with the bold truth of men wanting to live as a woman selling themselves for money and women wanting to be openly sexual for money as well. 

            Overall, both of the articles bring light to the views of African people about human rights in regards to gender, and sexuality.  Either they accept gender challenged people, and the women for certain choices they make to live their life however they may choose.