In the article titled "Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women's sexual scripts" discusses women and societies stereotypes, going back as far as slavery days. Scientists posted findings stating African American women are primitive, wild, sexually uninhibited and exotic. This enforced the New worlds cultural norm belief system. From this, four images emerged referencing African American women: The Jezebel, mammy, matriarch, and welfare mother became the foundation outlining African American communities and American society. The Jezebels a young, promiscuous, exotic, oversexed woman. This justified the raping by masters fulfilling their sexual needs and economic needs. The mammy was an asexual overweight female slave or domestic servant. She nurtured white families and put her masters family's need first. However, her transition from an unpaid slave into domestic work did not exclude her from rape. Another image included welfare mothers. Welfare mothers bred children uncontrollably and these kids became a burden to societies economy. Yet another image, The Matriarch, conveys African American Woman who are contemptuous, controlling, emasculating, and only needed men for childbearing. This justified the racial oppression, gender subordination, economic exploitation, and differentiates African American Women's roles, creating conflicting relationship foundations between African American males and women. The three-dimensional scripts have been embraced by African American youth culture, reflecting within our everyday written or unspoken communication. These four images reflect conflicting relationship within the eight scripts words used today: The Diva, Gold digger, Freak, Dyke, Gangster bitch, Sister savior, Earth mother, Baby mama. Societies acceptance allows media such as T.V, radio, and verbalize conversations which keep alive stereotypes and conflicting relationships. These predominant symbolic control (of white mainstream) about African American communities transfer down into African American youth developing culture known as Hip Hop. This reflects African American youth's anger and fears about their present lives. The research method used general social surveys and researched culture and music using qualitative content analysis.
In another article titled "Race religion and opposition to same sex marriage" talks about same-sex marriage acceptance differences. This study showed African American women were more opposed to same sex marriage than other cultures because they have more ties to the sectarian protestant religion and church attendance. The study used quantitative methods. The study looked at all the factors effecting same-sex marriage opposition. The religions under study became the conservative, catholic, liberal or conservative, and church attendance. Findings were these factors mattered but not enough in which it changed results. In 1988, study showed percentages opposing or strongly opposed same-sex marriage by racial groups. The general social surveys showed blacks, whites, and others all believed the same about same sex marriage. However, by 2004 showed big changes, declines opposing same sex marriage from 30% yes to 50% yes accounting whites and others. However, blacks opinions stayed the same at 68.5%. Why did blacks remain opposing same sex marriage? The author used the regression analysis, using all the possible factors of influence and variables which support same-sex marriage. The factors looked at gender, race, the year born, Marital status, geographic context (rural or suburban), lived in the north or the South states, number of children, education, income, and religion, which was the most important. The reasoning showed African American women's high rate of participation involving decades in conservative religious denominations. This proved religion played a role involving same-sex marriage opposition. Another correlation showed African Americans voted for proposition 8 in 2008, because Barack Obama was running for president so African Americans flooded the voting polls tilting the scales against proposition 8.
Yvonne Damian 562
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